New social and cultural inequalities are affecting every global and local reality. New political and social movements and risks are emerging along with vulnerabilities, potential perils and catastrophes, with principally new relations between nature and society, and social inequalities. It becomes impossible to analyze these realities from positions of national sociologies or specific theoretical and methodological approaches. Hence, new challenges develop for present-day sociological knowledge: global, supra-national, or cosmopolitan sociology. A new interpretation is suggested for sociological theories of social inequalities beginning from Marx, Weber and Durkheim, as well as ingenious theoretical and methodological tools, new sociological thinking and imagination allowing analyze more adequately changes in the modern world.