Interrelations of sociological and science knowledge in analyses of specific problems are discussed in the article. Rapprochement of these types of knowledge features logic of historical development of the sociology along its way from positivism to post-positivism. The role of postmodernism in developing scientific approaches and treatments of difficult nonlinear social processes is emphasized. Experiences of studying – on the basis of interdisciplinary methodology – of nonlinear social processes and resulting nonlinearity of social time are considered. Characteristics, properties and qualities of nonlinear time – multidegree of structure, alternativeness, uniqueness of temporal processes and the phenomena, their probability, unobviousness, flexibility, instantaneousness, etc. come to light. Special attention is paid to use in the analysis of sociological problems of achievements of neurophysiology, biology, astrophysics, mathematics and endophysics and synergetic approach.