The article analyzes main indicators of natural and migration movement of the urban and rural population of the Republic of Bashkortostan, a region with a significant share of rural residents, based on official statistics and results of sociological research. Comparative analysis of demographic indicators such as the total birth rate, life expectancy, natural and migration growth and others shows a significant differentiation between urban and rural residents. The difference in indicators tends to increase and is of a nationwide nature. Sociological data show a significant difference in the reproductive, self-preservation and migration behavior and attitudes of urban and rural residents of the Republic. Reducing the existing gap in demographic development between urban and rural areas, reducing negative trends in rural areas is possible by means of a comprehensive solution of the problems of territorial development, the implementation of effective economic and social policy measures in the region, primarily in rural areas.