The study focuses on the factors that determine the place and role of non-formal education human capital development in modern Russia. Based on a questionnaire survey of Tyumen region residents (N = 1388) influence of micro- and meso-level factors, demands, interests, and independent activity of various socio-demographic groups in the field of non-formal education was studied, and its advantages/limitations were identified. The analysis showed that non-formal education practices are widespread, but relatively poorly integrated into processes of social and labor mobility. According to survey, 83% of respondents are involved in non-formal education, but most often they are developing personal (not directly related to work) skills. Only in every third case non-formal education leads to an increase in special human capital, and in every fifth case – in general human capital. The key advantages of non-formal education are often seen not in ability to obtain relevant knowledge and necessary competencies, but to study at convenient time. Shortcomings are identified hindering formation of a national educational ecosystem.