The paper shows that Russia is facing problems which have as one of their reasons deep deindustrialization, which led to systemic adverse social and economic consequences. To identify the nature of deindustrialization author uses the term “four “D” effect” (by analogy with the famous “four “I” concept” in the Russian economic policy – institutions, investment, infrastructure, innovation): disorganization of the production process, degradation of the industrial technologies, deskilling of labor force in production, decomplication (simplification) of the production product. Alternatively, the author offers a reindustrialization course based on the priority development of high-tech material production, integrated with science and education and aimed at the progress of human qualities. These economic changes will cause significant social shifts, in particular, growth of human potential of the Russian Federation. The author identifies following major blocks to a new socio-economic strategy of Russia: 1) focusing primarily on the revival of the still existing backlog of high-tech orders; 2) support in project implementation on market incentives, public-private partnerships, long-term state programs and active industrial policy; 3) designing the long-term development institutions for organizational and legal support for this policy; 4) advancing development of the system of multi-level vocational education, integrated with the production and the science oriented on industry; 5) support for scientific research aimed at solving problems of Russian industry development. The last two aspects are particularly important because successful solution of social challenges facing the country and development of production is impossible without its profound integration with science and education.